OCTOBER 11, 2009
by publicanthropology
The Komodo Dragon is the world’s largest lizard, growing to an average length of 2 to 3 meters. It is
found almost entirely on the Indonesian islands of Rinca, Flores and Komodo. (Credit: iStockphoto/Alan
Tobey
ScienceDaily (Oct. 1, 2009) — The world’s largest living lizard species, the Komodo dragon (Varanus
komodoensis), is vulnerable to extinction and yet little is known about its natural history. New research
by a team of palaeontologists and archaeologists from Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia, who studied
fossil evidence from Australia, Timor, Flores, Java and India, shows that Komodo Dragons most likely
evolved in Australia and dispersed westward to Indonesia.
The research, which also details new fossil specimens indicating the presence of a new species of giant
varanid found on the island of Timor, is published September 30 in the open-access, peer-reviewed journal
PLoS ONE.
Author Scott Hocknull, Senior Curator of Geosciences at the Queensland Museum, said Australia is a hub
for lizard evolution.
“The fossil record shows that over the last four million years Australia has been home to the world’s
largest lizards, including a five metre giant called Megalania (Varanus prisca),” Mr Hocknull said.
“Now we can say Australia was also the birthplace of the three-metre Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis),
dispelling the long-held scientific hypothesis that it evolved from a smaller ancestor in isolation on
the Indonesian islands.
“Over the past three years, we’ve unearthed numerous fossils from eastern Australia dated from 300,000
years ago to approximately four million years ago that we now know to be the Komodo dragon.
“When we compared these fossils to the bones of present-day Komodo dragons, they were identical,” he
said.
The varanids are a group of giant monitor lizards, which are the world’s largest terrestrial lizards and
which were ubiquitous in Australasia for over 3.8 million years, having evolved alongside large-bodied,
mammalian carnivores, such as Thylacoleo, the ‘marsupial lion’. Growing to 2-3 metres in length and
weighing around 70 kilos, the Komodo dragon is the last of the truly giant monitor lizards. New fossil
discoveries show that the ancestor of the Komodo dragon evolved on mainland Australia, around 3-4 million
years ago and then dispersed west to Indonesia. Historically, Australia was home to many other giant
monitor lizards, including Megalania (Varanus prisca)—once the world’s largest terrestrial lizard but
which died out around 40,000 years ago.
“This research also confirms that both giant lizards, Megalania (Varanus priscus) and the Komodo dragon
(Varanus komodoensis) existed in Australia at the same time,” Mr Hocknull said.
Scott Hocknull and his international team have compared fossil evidence of Komodo dragons and other giant
varanids in order to reconstruct the palaeobiogeography of the world’s largest land-based lizards. The
researchers hope this will have implications for the conservation of the Komodo dragon, which is now
found on just a few isolated islands in eastern Indonesia, between Java and Australia, and vulnerable to
extinction, probably due to habitat loss and persecution by modern humans over the last few millennia.
It was previously thought that the Komodo Dragon evolved its large size as a response to insular island
processes, lack of carnivore competition, or as a specialist hunter of pygmy elephants called Stegodon.
However, Hocknull and colleagues report that the ancestor of the Komodo dragon most likely evolved in
Australia and spread westward, reaching the Indonesian island of Flores by 900,000 years ago. Comparisons
between fossils and living Komodo dragons on Flores show that the lizard’s body size has remained
relatively stable since then—a period marked by the extinction of the island’s megafauna, the arrival of
early hominids by 880,000 years ago, and the arrival of modern humans by 10,000 years ago. Within the
last 2,000 years, however, their populations have contracted severely.
Further support for the theory that the giant varanids dispersed to Indonesia from Australia comes from
the island of Timor, located between Australia and Flores. Three fossil specimens from Timor represent a
new (unnamed) species of giant monitor lizard, which was larger than the Komodo dragon (although smaller
than Megalania). More specimens of this new Timor-Australian giant lizard are needed before the species
can be formally described.
Journal reference:
Hocknull SA, Piper PJ, van den Bergh GD, Due RA, Morwood MJ, et al. Dragon’s Paradise Lost:
Palaeobiogeography, Evolution and Extinction of the Largest-Ever Terrestrial Lizards (Varanidae). PLoS
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